Facts Of Real Mona Lisa

Five facts of Monalisa that world must know.

• The Mona Lisa Gherardini was a real woman, by the existence of her baptismal record and death certificate. Mona Lisa Gherardini lived her whole life in Florence and these were the  most turbulent decades in the history of the town. She was born in 1479 and she died in 1542 but what's interesting is that Florence's most famous daughter is invisible there are no plaques there are no monuments you have to go looking for Lisa Gherardini in order to find her in her hometown. 

  

  Florence, Italy

  
  

• Lisa Gherardini came from an ancient and noble family the get Adeney date back to ancient Rome and they lived in Florence, From around Original Gangster the 10th century. Ok, now her family were Knights and they were also feudal lords, but these were not kind of the Knights generally the dashing heroic Knights of Camelot. They were pretty much robber groups and they made lecture their destiny by forcing any merchants who were bringing goods to Florence to pay them quite a money to pass by their properties and if the merchants refused, they would simply cut the ligament on the donkey's legs and then seize the goods for themselves but the Gherardini  were known for their pride and their fierce independence. They prided themselves on their charity minis and this was something that even though they lost their fortune they lost their power they never lost their self-esteem and  is one of the things that Mona Lisa felt and that she genetic in her blood this pride in being a Gherardini. 
  
  
  

• In Florence basically you either became a wife or became a nun, Mona Lisa was a wife.  Now the problem was that in order to find a husband you needed a dowry and more Lisa's family had pretty much lost the family fortune by the time. She came of age and so he had to have possibly another asset and that may well have been her beauty Mona Lisa was a woman of Renaissance Florence i.e., they were an unlimited group of women they had no legal rights they could not own property they could not work they could not even enter public buildings they couldn't travel undistorted and probably the most unfortunate place for a woman of that time to be born. In Renaissance Florence they were the ones who inspired some of the greatest works of art and you can see in the paintings the nobility of their spirit. For we can understand that, Lisa was not liberated was a strong, confident competent woman. 
  
  
  

• Monalisa gave birth to three sons and three daughters, She also had a stepson that she gained from her husband's first marriage. Monalisa gave birth to six children, two of them died in childhood one at just the age of one month and a little girl at the age of two years. 

• Leonardo may have started his painting carrier for the sake of getting the money for survival, Of all of his works, Leonardo seemed to have a special attachment to the Monalisa painting he kept it with him all of his life. Even after he left Italy to live in the Loire Valley, The first the painting that travelled with him and that he kept at his side till his very last breath was the Mona Lisa.  Lisa's life travelled with that of Leonardo sometime around 1503. She was 24 at the time. She had just given birth to her second son, Leonardo was 51 and he was a hallowed artist. But he had been forced to flee from from Florence, from Milano where he had remained happily working for many years. 
  
  
  

Unknown Side Of Histories Most Influential Man - ISAAC NEWTON.

When we prepare lists of the most influential people of all time never be complete without Sir Isaac Newton. Newton's laws are linked to almost everything we see in ordinary life. They aid us to  understand how machines work, how cricket ball move, how anything moves. However, there was a secret side of this great mind scientist which will become clear by the conclude of this story.     

By his mid-20s, Newton  invented calculus. Not bad for the son of an uneducated farmer. He never met his father who died three months earlier his birth on Christmas day in the year of 1642 in the small village in England.  

He was a premature baby and so small. Many felt that baby very hard to survive. When Newton was three, his mom remarried and moved to an adjoining village to live with a wealthy priest. Newton was left behind in the care of his grandparents.

That abandonment scarred him. He was a strange child - more interested in mechanics than making friends. 

He sculpted sundial at the age of 9. When he was 12, he entered at a local grammar school and his  signature can still be seen by a windowsill of the King's School today. 

Newton's House

After the death of his stepdad, his mother attempted  to  remove him from school so he could be a farmer.  Fortunately, the schoolmaster convinced his mother to send him back to class where he obtained the  knowledge required to enter the University of  Cambridge in the year of 1661, paying his way by  working as a servant. 

He also studied the works of the ancient  Greek  philosophers, he questioned their theories  writing in  his notebook in Latin, "Plato is my friend,  Aristotle  is  my friend, but my best friend is truth."  

He promised to find the truth through stringent scientific experimentation. His time as a graduate was unremarkable, but the extraordinary situation that happened next would set the stage for his greatest achievements. 

Shortly after receiving his Bachelor's degree in 1665, the "Bubonic plague" devasted Europe and might take the lives of an estimated one out of every four people in London.  

The pandemic forced Newton to work from his childhood home for the next two years and would lead to his most amazing discoveries. He used a prism to discover that white light and sunlight is made up of the colors of the rainbow.

Prism 

The widely held faith at the time was Aristotle's  theory that color was a mix of black and white. To  prove his theory, Newton built a reflecting telescope  that used mirrors instead than lenses leading to a  more accurate image. That's an entire lot safer than the  time he stuck a sewing needle into his eye socket  to figure out if altering his eye shape would change  his perception of color.  

Apart from the family home was also an apple tree. The famous apple tree. But there is no proper proof of this incident fruit actually fell on his head. Legend has it that Newton was sitting under a tree when an apple bonked him on the head, influence him to think about "Gravity". The force that brings things down. He did ask this question that helped unlock our understanding of the universe: Might the similar force reach all the way to the moon?. He reasoned that the same gravitational pull kept the moon orbiting around Earth instead of wandering off and he consider this could also explain the movement of our planets in the solar system.

The mathematics at the time wasn't developed enough to determine the motion of these objects. So Newton invented his confess form of math calculus. 

There was a argue over who actually invented calculus. When German mathematician "Gottfried Leibniz" published his paper on calculus in 1684, Newton claimed that he has done the same work 20 years before. The thing is, Newton was so secretive that he hadn't really made his efforts public because he couldn't stand the scrutiny of his work. When Leibniz appealed to the Royal Society in London, Newton possessed his influence as the scientific institution's president to get it to apart with him. Many historians agree that the two found calculus independently. In 1667, after the end of the plague, he returned to the University to pursue his research as a fellow. 

He was a perfectionist. At times, he'd forget to eat. After two years, while still in his mid-twenties, he gained one of the most prestigious academic posts in the world. The Lucasian Professor of Mathematics afterwards held by none other than Stephen Hawking. Yet he was indifferent to his students.

Once when no one showed up for class, he lectured to an empty room. His true passion lay in research. In 1687, he published his classic masterpiece: the Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Often described to simply as Principia. One of the most significant works ever written. This was his own first edition copy. 

It was here that he placed out his law of universal gravitation as well as his three laws of motion. 

• The first law explains that how an object acts when no force is acting upon it. For example, a rocket stays still until a force is applied to it. 
• The second law tells us that the more mass an object has, the more force it'll take to move it. A larger rocket requires more fuel to form it accelerate. 
• The final law states that for each and every action there's a reaction. The engine produces hot exhaust gases that flow through the rear of the rocket. In reaction, a thrusting force is produced - pushing the rocket skyward. 

Newton might be considered one of the greatest scientists the world has ever known, However, he actually contributed more words to Theology. Newton believed the Bible, providing that the code in the natural world and by carefully studying the sacred texts, he could predict the future. He strongly believed the apocalypse might happen in the year 2060.

 

"Everything will end, but I see no reason for its ending sooner." He anticipated a period marked by war and catastrophe followed by the Second Coming of Christ and the beginning of a new, divine era. 

His religious side was largely hidden from the public all the way until 1936, when Sotheby's auctioned off his theological manuscripts.

They are given into the hands of a Jewish scholar before being given to the state of Israel. 7,500 pages in Newton's own handwriting. He did retain unorthodox views of  Christianity by rejecting the Trinity,

The belief in the father, son, and the holy spirit. 

And also struggled towards the attempt by King James II to catholicize the universities which got him elected as a Member of Parliament where he served two brief terms.

Newton also had some other unknown side to him. He spent 25 years secretly studying alchemy  the seek for a method to turn usual metals into gold.

This is a manuscript where Newton wrote down a formula thought to be a step toward concocts the mythical Philosopher's Stone now spilled over in the Harry Potter series. 

Alchemists believed it could even help humans attain immortality. Unfortunately, Newton might have gotten mercury poisoning from all the time spent in the laboratory. 

Examinations of his hair after his death figured out high levels of the toxic compound which scholars believe could account for his mental breakdown in 1693 when he lost control of reality. 

He was like a totally isolated person and he had a very small friend's circle and often he accused the few friends he had of conspiring against him. He affected from insomnia and oppression and prolonged for almost two years. Not too long after he ended his 30-year career at Cambridge. 

In 1696, he moved to London to help run the Royal Mint. Britain's finances were in ruins because of the rampant practice of clipping off pieces of coins. Counterfeiting was also an issue. 

Newton used a scientific precision to improve the accuracy of coinmaking as Warden and then Master of the Mint. He also took it above himself to prosecute culprits, some of whom ended up hanging from the gallows. 

His later years should be spent further cementing his reputation and sometimes that intended trying to erase his rivals from the history books. 

Another ugly dispute mixed up with a brilliant scientist named Robert Hooke, who defended he was the one who gave Newton the concept that led to his theory of gravity and wanted credit. In response, Newton is accused of using his powers as President of the Royal Society to get removing of the only known portrait of Hooke. None exists to this day. 

Newton succeeded in achieving the legacy he wanted. In 1705, Queen Anne of England "Knighted" him during a royal visit to the University of Cambridge, making him Sir Isaac Newton. 

A difficult man who remained isolated still desperately wanted to be remembered. Who threw himself into his work at the cost of all hobbies and never married. Who was a man of science and also, a man of faith. 

Newton died in his sleep on March 20, 1727 and was buried at Westminster Abbey. The Latin lettering on his grave reads: "Here lies that which was mortal of Isaac Newton. His immortal legacy continues to mold our modern world". 

The English poet Alexander Pope inspired by Newton's achievement, he wrote the famous inscription: "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night. God said "Let Newton be" and everyone  was light". 

Gandhi, Ambedkar and Casteism

Babasaheb Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi are the two of the great and famous freedom fighters of our country. But both of them had many differences. They had many disagreements and debates over the issue of casteism. Who was right? And who was wrong? 

Dr Bhim Rao Ambedkar Popularly called Babasaheb Ambedkar, was born in the Mahar caste. Which is a Dalit caste. Since childhood, he had faced caste oppression. During  his school days, his brother and he were the only Dalit students.They weren't allowed to drink water from the same tap in the school. The school had a special water pot for them, but they weren't even allowed to drink from it. The peon of the school would pour water out into their hands. Even after getting an education of this level, he faced caste discrimination in every aspect of his life.

So it isn't surprising that he despised discrimination and casteism. He hated them so much that not only he criticized the Hindus and those who practiced casteism and he also openly criticized the Hindu religion. He believed that as long as there is a caste, there will be an outcast. He wanted a complete annihilation of the caste system.

On the other hand, Mahatma Gandhi was a religious Hindu. Most of his principles and strategies were inspired by this religion. In fact, he considered the Gita to be his spiritual dictionary. And as a truly religious person, he respected all religions. And worked towards communal harmony. He believed that caste was a fundamental part of Hinduism. At the same time, he also believed that untouchability was not a part of Hinduism. He believed untouchability to be a sin for the Hindus. For this reason, in 1932 he founded the All India Anti Untouchability League. 

You can see clear differences between the ideologies of Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi Ji. Gandhi Ji's initial views are often considered quite problematic. He was very orthodox and conservative. To the extent that Gandhiji didn't openly criticize Casteism. 

In the 1920s he publicly stated that he didn't support intermarriage and inter-dining. 

In 1932, he changed his opinion on inter-caste marriages. He acknowledged that he was wrong. He said that the restrictions on inter-caste marriages, were weakening the Hindu society. 

In 1946 the situation was that Gandhi Ji had said that he wouldn't let men and women marry in his Ashram unless one of them was a Harijan. He also said that if he could, he would persuade all girls to find Harijan husbands. 

On the other hand, in October 1935 in a conference, Dr Ambedkar had openly declared that he wants to leave Hinduism.And later, he converted to Buddhism.

Overall, the largest disagreement between Dr Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi was about separate electorates. Separate electorates mean that there would be such constituencies in the country where only a person of a specific community can run in an election. And only the people of the specific community would be able to vote. 

Today, there are different constituencies. You vote in your constituency for your MP (Member of Parliament). All the residents of the constituency can cast their vote if they're above the age of 18. But in separate electorates, a specific community can cast their vote. Suppose Sikh or Muslim or Christian, candidate is running, then only the Sikh or Muslim or Christian people will be able to vote in their constituency. The others would not even be allowed to cast a vote. 

Under  British Raj, in 1909  British Government in India, had given Muslims separate electorates in India.

In 1919, the Christians, Anglo-Indians, Europeans and Sikhs were being given separate electorates in India. 

Dr Ambedkar wanted separate electorates for the Dalits as well. But Gandhi Ji was absolutely against it.

During 1931's Round Table Conference in London, Gandhi Ji went there and put his demands in front of the British government. He said that the untouchables were also Hindus. They should not be given minority status. At the equivalent time, he also wanted that the separate electorates given to the Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and therefore the others, should be removed. 

But on the opposite hand, Ambedkar wanted that the Dalits should even be declared minorities in India. They too should be given separate electorates. 

The British government always used the policy of divide and rule.

In 1932, British Prime Minister Ramsay MacDonald, announced a Communal award. Not only did he say that the separate electorates given to the minorities would remain,they wouldn't be discontinued, he also said that the Dalits would also be a separate minority category and the Dalits would also be given separate electorates. 

Gandhi Ji did not like it at all. Gandhi Ji believed that because of the separate electorates the country couldn't remain united. And he was willing to give up his life because of it. So Gandhi Ji started a fast. Fast unto death.

Dr Ambedkar was very pressurized because of this. On one hand, he wanted to get his demands fulfilled And on the other hand, he knew that if Gandhi Ji was actually harmed the image of the Dalits would also suffer. 

Dr Ambedkar and Mahatma Gandhi then came to a historic agreement. Which is called the Poona Pact. Dr Ambedkar and Gandhi Ji compromised. Both of them decreased a rung and selected Joint Electorates.

What are joint electorates?

They are, basically, such constituencies where the elected politician would belong from a specific minority community. But when it involves to voting, all the residents of that constituency would be able to vote. The right to vote wouldn't be given to only one community.

Dr Ambedkar convinced Gandhi Ji of his demands.

Political agenda aside, talking about the social reforms, Dr Ambedkar contributed a lot to it. His strategy was very simple. Educate, Agitate and Organize.

A major example of this is the 1927 Mahad Satyagraha. In Maharashtra, there is a municipality Mahad. He went there with many followers to drink water. Seems very simple, but many upper-caste Hindus of the time were totally against it. The situation turned almost riotous and the police had to interfere. These upper-caste Hindus 'purified'  the water tank with things like milk and curd.

On 25th December of an equivalent year, Dr Ambedkar and a lots of his followers started a campaign to burn the Manusmriti. Manusmriti is an ancient Hindu text where the caste rules are written. The day they did that, is celebrated as Manusmriti Dahan Divas. 

Another famous movement was at Nashik's Kalaram Temple. The Dalits were forbidden to enter the temple. He started a procession march against it. 

He was also inspired by the ideas of the French Revolution. Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. Not only did he mention these in the Constitution , but he also wrote them in the Preamble. 

And he mentioned these in the Mahad Satyagrah as well. We often take these ideas for granted. But let's not forget, that these things it isn't so that every country had them in their constitution always. 

Another huge achievement of Dr Ambedkar has been bringing in the Hindu Code Bill along with Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. This was a very progressive step for Hindu women, which helps to protect them.

Unfortunately, at that time, it couldn't be brought in for the other religions because of tense situations. But the Uniform Civil Code, that is much talked about, Let's hope it brings such progressive reforms for every religion. 

Today all of us could learn a lot from the ideas and ideologies of Dr Ambedkar. If we really want to pay tribute to him these principles of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity, should be implemented in the truest sense for all. Because all of us know that on the ground, we still can't see these today. 

All of us know that even today how prevalent casteism is. Peoples still shun inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.

It is something that Gandhi Ji and Dr Ambedkar finally agreed on. That if we want to make the society united, if we want to make our country united, we need to promote inter-caste and inter-religious marriages.

Leader's Best Speech When Country On Crisis

The Human voice has always been a powerful weapon throughout the history. A leader's speech should inspire people to do better and be better. 

Leader's speech should motivate people during the crisis of the country besides the problem, leaders also faces the task of reassuring the public and persuading them to follow government decisions. 

Leader's speech should help people to understand the current emergency situation.

There is an English proverb, "Cometh the hour, Cometh the man". 

Soon after Lal Bhadhur Shasdri took over the prime ministership after Nehru's death India was attacked by Pakistan in the year of 1965. At that time there were lots restless situation for the country, Even there was a lot of scarcity of food grains. 

In this situation Prime Minister Lal Bahadhur Shastri addressed the people in public gathering at Ram Lila Maidan, New Delhi. 

Shastri gave slogan "JAI KISAN, JAI JAWAN", meaning "HAIL THE SOLDIER, HAIL THE FARMER, to enthuse soldier to defend the country and therefore the same time cheering farmers to do their best to increase the production of food grains. 

"JAI JAWAN, JAI KISAN" reverberates even today in length and breadth of the country.

His historical speech on that day, 

"Tomorrow the country will observe the national solidarity day. It was exactly two years ago, that our northern border's were attacked. 

This was a surprise sprung quite suddenly, but in that hour of Peril, we saw an upsurge of patriotic feelings throughout the country. Differences of state, caste, creed or language which had often seems superficial to divide us disappeared in a moment.

It was a visible demonstration of the fundamental unity of our people, which has preserved the integrity of India through the ages the whole nation remembers them with feelings of admiration and gratitude.

We have to realize that preservation of the freedom and territorial integrity of the motherland calls for, we are confronted with a nuclear menace in Asia. Something new for this peace loving continent, these are serious developments and you must take due note of them.

Within the country we are going through a period of difficulties the production of food is still inadequate. Harvesting rice has begun and the new paddy and rice will be coming into the market. This will ease the situation in respect of rice for the present it is essential that the district administration should help the supply of adequate seeds manure and similar other facility's water for irrigation purposes is the most important item.

I know we all understand and fully realize that the solution of all our presently food difficulties rice will increase production. It is therefore essential that government officials in districts and others at the state or central level and also the farmers should work hand in hand to produce a much better result. Let us show to the country that we can tackle our problems effectively by our own efforts and perseverance.

This is, thus, a period of travail and of hard labor. We have to make a determined effort as people to raise ourselves above poverty and misery. It may be obvious, but often we seem to forget that it is not the end of a few people, but the hard work of the many that makes the country great and prosperous.

We are passing through a new and revolutionary phase in our history and all the people should stand united as one man as they did before in the hour of  peril. I ask you to pledge yourselves and new to the dedicated service of our motherland let us then resolve to the same to mean the challenge of our time with fortitude and determination with a sense of national unity national and purpose". 

                                                        "JAI JAWAN"

                                                       "JAI KISAN"

                                                        "JAI HIND"

Einstein's letter to Nehru on formation of Israel.

The best ever had happened to Jewish people that is was the formation of Israel. Jews at last had sacred sanctuary. The formation of Israel gave jews a chance to live amidst their endless struggle of survival. But that luxury was not that easy to afford as we know the price of freedom that is esteem. 

Who could understand that cost than Indians. 

Counting on that which was sentimental for freedom Abert Einstein wrote a letter on 13th June, 1947 to then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. 

Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

The letter starts with the phrase, "For abolition of  Untochability by the constituent assembly", Einstein also admires Nehru and Gandhi for playing a part in India's freedom struggle. But the main focus was to convince Nehru to support, "Zionist effort to create a Jewish homeland in Palestine".  

Note here a man of science that is best appeal Nehru's ethics and morals. The letter was nothing but a plea from one of the greatest mind  to one of the greatest power. 

Einstein's appeal to Nehru,

      "I should like to discuss the only problem with you, the ethical issues involved

        in the Zionist effort to recreate the Jewish homeland in Palestine.

       The Jewish survivors demand the proper to dwell amid brothers, on the soil of 

        their fathers. Can Jewish need, regardless of how acute, be met without the 

         Infringement of the vital rights of the other?. 

          My answer is in the affirmative". 

The Balfour declaration, promised the Jewish peoples land of their own, but the majority population in this region was native Arabs and Albert Einstein was mindful of that. He still acknowledges the concerns of local Arabs. Knewing Jewish people facing prosecution and discrimination by Arabs, Albert Einstein still considered the demands for prosperity and equality in that region. 

However, he mentions it has, "The soil of their fathers", he was adamant of creation of the Jewish state.

For this, Nehru replied as politically as equal. He did acknowledge the need of the homeland for Jewish people, but this always apart. 

Nehru's reply,

"I need to assure you, therefore, of our deepest sympathy for the Jews and for

all they have undergone during these past years. If we can help them in any way.

I hope and trust that India won't merely stand by and appearance on. As you 

know national policies are, Unfortunately, essentially selfish policies. 

Each country thinks of its own interests. if it so happens that' some internationally

policy fits in with the national policy of the country, then that nation uses a brave

language about international betterment. But as soon as that international 

policy seems to run counter to national interests as a selfishness, then 

a host of reasons are found not to follow the international policy".

That was a Nehur's response, What is selfishness really he means? All international relations and policies are based on profits. Nehru was aware of the Jewish past, but he was worried about Palestine too.

He claimed more towards to the Bi-national Arab-Jewish Palestine. 

On 29th November 1947, The United Nations general assembly voted on the modified partition plan. 3 nations voted in the favor of Israel and 13 nations voted against it. It is well known that India, voted against the partition plan of Palestine.

The reasons could be more than what Nehru mentioned in his letter, India had a significant number of Muslims of even that time. Those Muslims sided with Arabs. Jawaharlal Nehru doesn't want to anger the Muslims at home, he thought of playing it safe. 

Albert Einstein understood Jawaharlal Nehru's reasons very well. Later, they became friends. They both shared a series of letters later on. 

And in one of those letters Einstein even praised the books written by Jawaharlal Nehru. 

On his trip to the U.S.A, Jawaharlal Nehru met Albert Einstein on 5th November 1949.

It is quite evident Nehru was quietly influenced by Einstein. At last, India officially recognized the state of Israel on 17 September, 1950. 

 

                   

If India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Maldives, Nepal and Bhutan united?

Why this question arise? 

Over the past 70 years, India has succeeded to resolve border issues only with Srilanka and Bangladesh. India has a huge tension with neighbors regarding the border and natural resources. Non military issues like climate change, energy security, competition for scarce resources, food and water security, pandemics, migrations, etc., are getting securitized. India has faced 4 wars till independence. 

Indian sub-continent is huge, comprises of 7 countries, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Srilanka, Maldives Nepal and Bhutan. It will be a vast area of the region's population and cultural impact on our world. 

Currently India is facing lots of demographic issues with their neighbors, but at the same time Indian is showing lessons to developed countries, how to handle those issues to prepare for their own future. 

What if India and neighbors, that is India' and sub-continent re-united as one country?

How will it look like if all these countries are united. Let us assume  the name as "United India".

Population:

• The population would be a near 2 Billion about over 25% of the world's entire population. That is more people live in North America, South America and Europe combined. India alone has more people living 
• Let's look at Top cities. Top three cities of United India will be Delhi, Mumbai and Karachi all of which have higher populations than New York city in U.S.A.
• United India's Top 10 largest seven of them would be located in India and while two would be from Pakistan and one in Bangladesh.

Ethnic Groups:

• United India's ethnic groups can be divided different major families:
  

     

• Linguistic diversity will be:
  

                             

• United India's Religions will be: 
  

 In this more than 35% of the population would be living in cities.

GDP And Budget:

• United India combined nominal GDP would be $3.6 trillion. Which would make its the fifth largest economy in the world. GDP per capital would be $7,900 far below the global average which is $17,300.  
• Military budget will be in the need of 84 Billion US dollars. The United Indian army would have an active duty force will be 2.8 million and additions 2.1 million in reserves. 

Resources:

• United India will be high in natural resources.
• United India will have the largest manpower reserves in the world and it may lead to the highest unemployment rate. 
• Young age of the average citizen would be 27 years old.

Problems can be solved:

• Most of the problems would be solved if India and Pakistan re-united.
• The Ganges water sharing problem will be solved.
• The problems with illegal migration of Bangladeshi's would be resolved.
• The problems between Srilanka and Indian regarding the treatment of the Tamil's would be resolved.
• Border issues with all the neighbors will be solved. 
• In sports, imagine Indian batsman and Pakistan bowlers every cricket world cup will be ours.

If United India development is progressive it can be directed to a Superpower of the world.

     

Greatest Human Achievements in History

"Necessity is the mother of invention", Those inventions sharpen the mankind. We made "Impossible to possible". Throughout the history we invented everything for a reason.  

These are the some of the humanity's greatest achievements ranked by the year:

• Inventing the wheel: Surprisingly, evidence suggested that they weren't originally used for chariots. 

  

  Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

Evidence shows that it was first invented to serve as a potter's wheel. According to the researcher's it must be found during the year 3500 BC in Mesopotamia. Wheel made possible to move and making moves heavy loads easily. Civilization emerged. 

• The great pyramid of Giza: The great pyramid of Giza is the oldest and largest of all   pyramids. 

  

  Image courtesy: Wikipedia

  
  This pyramid was built by Egyptians in 2490 BC. According to Researcher's, the Ancient people believes the existence of heaven, so they designed this pyramid shape to evoke the rays of the sun streaming between heaven and earth.  

• Developing a Law:  The first law was made in 1900 BC by a Sumerian ruler Ur-Nammu, that law also called as Ur-Nammu law code.To have stability orderly life and to have sustainable society law places a major role in the society. Laws provides a framework to resolve disputes between individuals, group of individuals, community etc.. 

Image courtesy: Wikipedia

• Creating Money: Historians believe that metal objects were first used as a money. Those metal objects were first used by Lydians in 5000 BC. 

  

  Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

  
  King Alyattesnminted the first ever coin which evolved into notes almost 2000 years later. 

• Lighthouse of Alexandria: The first lighthouse was invented in history was Egypt's Paharos of Alexanderia in 280 BC.

• Building the great wall of China: It took 2500 years to build and is 21,000 Km in length.

  

  
  

  
  
• Inventing the compass: The first magnetic compass was invented in China.
  
  
  
• The First university was built: The first university is "University of Karueein" founded in 859 AD in Morocco and is being continued in operation. 
  
  
  
• Pair of corrective glasses: The first corrected glasses invented in Italy in the year of 1285. 
  
  
  
• Circumnavigate the Earth: Fernidad Magellan passage through South America to the pacific and Indian ocean. 
  
  
  
• Inventing the Microscope: A Dutch father and son team Hans and Zacharias invented the first microscope in the year of  1590. 
  
  
  
• Inventing the telescope: Galileo was the first who used the telescope for astronomy. Galileo hasn't invented the telescope. Then who invented the telescope first? The answer for this question is still debatable. 
  
• Newton's Law Of Motion: Gravity made the Apple fall into Newton's head. So it knocked these laws in his head. 
  
  
  
• Inventing the Steam Engine: Watt patented the steam engine device in 1769. It placed a big role in the Industrial revolution. 
  
  
  
• First to fly: Flying is still an indefinite. It was a major moment when the large balloon rose into the air. A scientist called Pilatre De Rozier launched the first Air-Balloon called "Aerostat Reveillon" in the year of 1783. 
  
  
  
• Vaccine: Edward Jenner developed the first successful vaccine in the year of 1796 and it was for smallpox. 
  
  
  
• Inventing the first camera: The first photograph was clicked by Joesph Nicephore Niepce in the year 1814. He took the first photo on the handmade camera with silver chloride cover paper. 
  
  
  
• Discovering the first Dinosaur: In the year of 1824, Megalosaurus was first named Dinosaur, despite bones and fossils being found years ago.  
  
  
  
• Discovering the use of Solar Energy: In the year 1839 the photovoltaic effect was made. This is the route behind the Solar Panel, later made in1883. 
  
  
  
• The Theory Of Evolution: The theory of Evolution was created by Charles Darwin's in the year of 1859. Although this theory was accepted many still believe God created life. 
  
  
  

• The London Underground: The London Metropolitan railway opens the first underground railway in the year of 1863. 
  
  
  
• Building Sewer System: Joseph Bazalgette an English engineer removed London's great stink by diverting sewage downstream in the year of 1866.
  
  
  
• Telephone: Alexander Bell invented the telephone in the year of  1879. Alexander Bell first named his invention as "The Electrical speech machine".
  
  
  
• Light Bulb: In the year of 1879, Thomas Edison invented the light bulb. One of the brightest ideas Edison had, considering he had over 1000. 
  
  
  
• First Automobile: The first modern automobile known as the motor wagon was created by Karl Benz. 
  
  
  
• Radio: The radio was invented in the year of 1895. Has it been Tesla or Marconi? 

• Airplane: The Wright brothers invented the first successful airplane in the year of 1903. A lot different from today's type.

• The theory of Relativity: Einstein was a genius! You must've heard of this famous Theory Of Relativity. 
  
  
  
• Panama Canal: The 80Km canal was built for easier trade routes from Atlantic to the Pacific in the year of 1914.
  
  
  
• Pilotless Aircraft: THe first pilotless aircraft was invented in the year of 1916 known as UAV's. The U.S.A has developed this technology during WW I. Now we have drones. 
  

• First woman to fly: Amelia Earhart is the first woman to fly across Atlantic in the year of 1928. Her plane wreckage was never found and officially declared that she lost in the sea.

  

  Image courtesy: Wikipedia

  
  
• Penicillin: Penicillin was first discovered in the year of  1928. This achievement is remarkable in Mankind's history. The most widely used antibiotic in the world was discovered accidentally. 
  
  
  
• Enigma Code: Alan Turing broke the Enigma Code in the year of 1941 during the WW II. Supposedly shortening the war by several and gave birth to many technology, especially one technology today we call them as Computer. 
  
  
  
• Nuclear Fission Chain Reaction: This reaction utilized in the first nuclear bombs such as those used in WWII. 
  
  
  
• UNO: United Nations Organization founded in the year of 1945 after the WW II to keep peace, security and improve relations across nations. 
  
  
  
• First To Climb Mount Everest: Hilary and Norgay were first to climb the Mount Everest, reach the summit, despite of the low survival odds. 
  
  
  
• The First Sub 4 Mile: Roger Bannister finished the mile 3:59:04. Completing one of "Sports greatest goals". 
  
  
  
• Organ Transplant: The first organ transplant was successful in the year of 1954. The Kidney was the first whilst the others followed in the late 60's and 80's. 
  
  
  
• Sputnik: The first artificial satellite named as "Sputnik" was released bythe Soviet Union in the year of 1957. This was a major shock in the Cold war. 
  
• To win 3 Nobel Prizes: Henry Dunant, the founder of the ICRC, won 3 Nobel Prizes in the year of 1963,also won the Nobel Prize in 1901. So together, that's 4! 

• 

• First Man On The Moon: First man walked on the Moon in the year 1969. Only 12 astronauts have walked on the moon. The first man was Neil Armstrong.
  

• Internet: The Internet was invented in the year of 1969.The world Wide Web was however created in the year 1990. 
  
  
  
• Euro Tunnel: It took 6 years to construct the 37.8 KM tunnel called as Euro Tunnel, joining England and Europe. 
  
  
  
• Cloned Mammal: In the year 1996 first cloned mammal was created. Imagine not having to look into a mirror to see yourself! Daily didn't have to. 
  
  
  
• Mapping The Human Genome: It's happened in 2003, It took 13 years, but it's the complete genetic blueprint for building a human being. 
  
  
  
• First Black President: In the history of U.S.A first Black was appointed as President. 
  
  
  
• Tallest Building: In 2010, Tallest building was finished constructing and called as "The Burj Khalifa", which is in Dubai, stands 829.8 meters tall. 

• Higgs Boson: In 2012, Higgs Boson was discovered. At CERN's Large Hadron Collider they observed a new particle, proving their theory. 

• First Sub 2HR Marathon: In the year 2018, The Kenyan, Kipchage, ran a tailored unofficial marathon in 1:59:40. 

Image Courtesy: Wikipedia

• Space X: In the year 2020, Space X and Elon Musk made history with the first commercial approved manned space flight and this is the remarkable achievement in space history. 
  
  
  Note: If you like this article do share and comment.